Chimpanzee Research and Conservation at the Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve, Uganda

Chimpanzee Reading List

Books (for general interest readers)

de Waal, F.B.M. 1982.  Chimpanzee Politics. New York: Harper and Row.

de Waal, F. B. M. 2019. Mama's Last Hug: Animal Emotions and What They Tell us about Ourselves. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.

Fouts, R. 1997.  Next of Kin: What Chimpanzees Have Taught Me about Who We Are.  New York: William Morrow.

Goodall, J.    1971.  In the Shadow of Man.  Boston : Houghton Mifflin, 1971

Goodall, J.    1990.  Through a Window : My Thirty Years with the Chimpanzees of Gombe. Boston : Houghton Mifflin.

Goodall, J.  2013. Jane Goodall: 50 Years at Gombe. New York Abrams.

Hunt, K.D. 2020.  Chimpanzee: Lessons from our Sister Species.  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 

McGrew, W. C.  2004,  The Cultured Chimpanzee : Reflections on Cultural Primatology.  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Peterson, D.  2003.  Chimpanzee Travels: On and Off the Road in Africa.  Athens: University of Georgia Press.

Stanford, Craig B. 2018. The New Chimpanzee : A Twenty-First-Century Portrait of our Closest Kin. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2018.

Temerlin, M. K.  1975. Lucy: Growing up Human, a Chimpanzee Daughter in a Psychotherapist's Family. New York: Bantam.

Wrangham, R.W. and D. Peterson.  1997.  Demonic Males : Apes and the Origins of Violence.  London: Bloomsbury.

 

Books (for specialists)

Andrews, Peter. 2015. An Ape's View of Human Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Berdecio, S and L. Nash.  1981.  Chimpanzee Visual Vommunication: Facial, Gestural, and Postural Expressive Movement in Ioung, Captive Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).  Tempe: Arizona State University Press.

Boesch, C. 2009. The Real Chimpanzee: Sex Strategies in the Forest. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Boesch C and H. Boesch-Achermann.  2000  The Chimpanzees of the Tai Forest:  Behavioural Ecology and Evolution.  New York: Oxford Univ Press.

Boesch, C., G. Hohmann and L. Marchant (eds.) 1991.  Chimpanzee Behavioral Diversity . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Fitzgerald, H.E., J.A. Mullins, and P. Gage (eds.)  1982.  Studies of Development in Nonhuman Primates.  New York: Plenum Press.

Gardner RA; Gardner BT and Van Cantfort, T.E. (eds.)  1989.  Teaching Sign Language to Chimpanzees. Albany : State University of New York Press.

Ghiglieri, M.P.  1988.  East of the Mountains of the Moon:  Chimpanzee Society in the African Rain Forest.  New York: Free Press.

Goodall, J.  1986.  The Chimpanzees of Gombe:  Patterns of Behavior.  Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press.

Goodall, J.  van Lawick.  1968b.  The behavior of free-living chimpanzees in the Gombe Stream Reserve. Anim. Beh. Monogr. 1(3):165-311.

Hamburg, D. A. and McCown, E. R.  (eds.)  1979.  The Great Apes.  Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings.

Heltne, P.G. and L.A. Marquardt (eds.) 1989.  Understanding Chimpanzees.  Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Hill, K. Boesch, C., Pusey A., Goodall, J., Williams J., and Wrangham R.  2000.  Chimpanzee Mortality in the Wild.  University of New Mexico. 

JensvoldMary Lee Abshire.  2019.   Chimpanzee Behaviour:   Recent Understandings from Captivity and the Fores.    NOVA SCIENCE.

Kirchhoff, Claire A. 2019. Life and Death in the Gombe Chimpanzees : Skeletal Analysis as an Insight into Life History. Switzerland : Springer.

Kojima, S.  2003.  A Search for the Origins of Human Speech : Auditory and Vocal Functions of the Chimpanzee. Kyoto: Kyoto University Press.

Ladygina-Kots, N. N.  1935, 2002.  Infant Chimpanzee and Human Child.  Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Lonsdorf, Elizabeth V., Ross, Stephen R. and Matsuzawa Tetsuro. 2010. The Mind of the Chimpanzeea: Ecological and Experimental Perspectives. Chicago: The University of Chicago.

Nakamura, Michio, Hosaka, Kazuhiko, Itoh, Noriko, and Zamma, Koichiro (eds.) 2015. Mahale Chimpanzees : 50 Years of Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Matsuzawa, T., M. Tomonaga, and M. Tanaka.  2006.  Cognitive Development in Chimpanzees. New York: Springer.

Matsuzawa, Tetsuro, Humle and Tatyana, Sugiyama, Yukimaru (eds.). 2011. The chimpanzees of Bossou and Nimba. New York: Springer .

McGrew, W. C. 1992.  Chimpanzee Material Culture: Implications for Human Evolution.  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Muller, Martin N., Wrangham, Richard W. and Pilbeam David R. (eds.) 2017. Chimpanzees and Human Evolution. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Nishida, Toshisada. 2012.  Chimpanzees of the Lakeshore:  Natural History and Culture at Mahale. New York : Cambridge University Pres .

Plooij, F. X. with D. Bygott.  1984 The Behavioral Development of Free-living Chimpanzee Babies and Infants. Norwood, N.J: Ablex Pub. Corp.

Reynolds, V. 1967.  The Apes.  London: Cassell.

Reynolds, V.F. 1965.  Budongo: A Forest and Its Chimpanzees.  London: Methuen.

Stanford, C. B. 1998.  Chimpanzee and Red Colobus: The Ecology of Predator and Prey.  Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Swindler, D. R. and C. D. Wood.  1973  An Atlas of Primate Gross Anatomy: Baboon.  Chimpanzee, and Man. Malabar: Krieger Pub. Co.

Terrace, H.S. and J. Metcalfe (eds.)  2005.  The missing link in cognition origins of self-reflective consciousness.  Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.

Wrangham, R.W., W.C. McGrew, F.B. de Waal, and P.G. Heltne (eds.) 1994.  Chimpanzee Cultures, pp. 59-75.  Harvard University Press, Cambridge. 

Wrangham, R.W. and E. Ross.  2008.  Science and Conservation in African forests: The Benefits of Long-term Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

 

Anatomy (Dental, Muscular, Skeletal), Morphology, Locomotion and Posture, Growth

Bramble, D. M. and D. E. Lieberman (2004). "Endurance running and the evolution of Homo." Nature 432(7015): 345-352.

Caceres, M., J. Lachuer, et al. (2003). "Elevated gene expression levels distinguish human from non-human primate brains." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100(22): 13030-13035.

Dean, M. C. and B. A. Wood (1981). "DEVELOPING PONGID DENTITION AND ITS USE FOR AGING INDIVIDUAL CRANIA IN COMPARATIVE CROSS-SECTIONAL GROWTH-STUDIES." Folia Primatologica 36(1-2): 111-127.

Demes, B., S. G. Larson, et al. (1994). "THE KINETICS OF PRIMATE QUADRUPEDALISM - HINDLIMB DRIVE RECONSIDERED." Journal of Human Evolution 26(5-6): 353-374.

Hunt, K. D. (1991). "MECHANICAL IMPLICATIONS OF CHIMPANZEE POSITIONAL BEHAVIOR." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 86(4): 521-536.

Hunt, K. D. (1991). "POSITIONAL BEHAVIOR IN THE HOMINOIDEA." International Journal of Primatology 12(2): 95-118.

Hunt, K. D. (1994). "THE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN BIPEDALITY - ECOLOGY AND FUNCTIONAL-MORPHOLOGY." Journal of Human Evolution 26(3): 183-202.

Jungers, W. L. and R. L. Susman (1984). Body size and skeletal allometry in African apes.

Shea, B. T. (1983). "ALLOMETRY AND HETEROCHRONY IN THE AFRICAN APES." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 62(3): 275-289.

Susman, R. L. (1979). "COMPARATIVE AND FUNCTIONAL-MORPHOLOGY OF HOMINOID FINGERS." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 50(2): 215-236.

Taylor, C. R. and V. J. Rowntree (1973). "RUNNING ON 2 OR ON 4 LEGS - WHICH CONSUMES MORE ENERGY." Science 179(4069): 186-187.

Taylor, C. R., and V. J. Rowntree, et al. (1972). "RUNNING UP AND DOWN HILLS - SOME CONSEQUENCES OF SIZE." Science 178(4065): 1096-&.

Teaford, M. F. and A. Walker (1984). "QUANTITATIVE DIFFERENCES IN DENTAL MICROWEAR BETWEEN PRIMATE SPECIES WITH DIFFERENT DIETS AND A COMMENT ON THE PRESUMED DIET OF SIVAPITHECUS." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 64(2): 191-200.

 

Cognition, Intelligence, Language, Laterality and Neuroanatomy

Arbib, M. A. (2005). "From monkey-like action recognition to human language: An evolutionary framework for neurolinguistics." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28(2): 105-+.

Barth, H., N. Kanwisher, et al. (2003). "The construction of large number representations in adults." Cognition 86(3): 201-221.

Boesch, C. and H. Boesch (1984). "MENTAL MAP IN WILD CHIMPANZEES PAN-TROGLODYTES-VERUS AN ANALYSIS OF HAMMER TRANSPORTS FOR NUT CRACKING." Primates 25(2): 160-170.

Boysen, S. T. and G. G. Berntson (1989). "NUMERICAL COMPETENCE IN A CHIMPANZEE (PAN-TROGLODYTES)." Journal of Comparative Psychology 103(1): 23-31.

Boysen, S. T. and G. G. Berntson (1995). "RESPONSES TO QUANTITY - PERCEPTUAL VERSUS COGNITIVE MECHANISMS IN CHIMPANZEES (PAN-TROGLODYTES)." Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Behavior Processes 21(1): 82-86.

Brannon, E. M. and H. S. Terrace (1998). "Ordering of the numerosities 1 to 9 by monkeys." Science 282(5389): 746-749.

Brosnan, S. F. and F. B. M. de Waal (2003). "Monkeys reject unequal pay." Nature 425(6955): 297-299.

Byrne, R. W. and A. E. Russon (1998). "Learning by imitation: A hierarchical approach." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21(5): 667-+.

Call, J. and M. Tomasello (1994). "PRODUCTION AND COMPREHENSION OF REFERENTIAL POINTING BY ORANGUTANS (PONGO-PYGMAEUS)." Journal of Comparative Psychology 108(4): 307-317.

Call, J. and M. Tomasello (1999). "A nonverbal false belief task: The performance of children and great apes." Child Development 70(2): 381-395.

Cantalupo, C. and W. D. Hopkins (2001). "Asymmetric Broca's area in great apes - A region of the ape brain is uncannily similar to one linked with speech in humans." Nature 414(6863): 505-505.

Caro, T. M. and M. D. Hauser (1992). "IS THERE TEACHING IN NONHUMAN ANIMALS." Quarterly Review of Biology 67(2): 151-174.

Clayton, N. S., T. J. Bussey, et al. (2003). "Can animals recall the past and plan for the future?" Nature Reviews Neuroscience 4(8): 685-691.

Corballis, M. C. (2003). "From mouth to hand: Gesture, speech, and the evolution of right-handedness." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 26(2): 199-+.

Dehaene, S. and J. P. Changeux (1993). "DEVELOPMENT OF ELEMENTARY NUMERICAL ABILITIES - A NEURONAL MODEL." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 5(4): 390-407.

Dehaene, S., G. Dehaene-Lambertz, et al. (1998). "Abstract representations of numbers in the animal and human brain." Trends in Neurosciences 21(8): 355-361.

Emery, N. J. (2000). "The eyes have it: the neuroethology, function and evolution of social gaze." Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 24(6): 581-604.

Emery, N. J. and N. S. Clayton (2004). "The mentality of crows: Convergent evolution of intelligence in corvids and apes." Science 306(5703): 1903-1907.

Fagot, J. and J. Vauclair (1991). "MANUAL LATERALITY IN NONHUMAN-PRIMATES - A DISTINCTION BETWEEN HANDEDNESS AND MANUAL SPECIALIZATION." Psychological Bulletin 109(1): 76-89.

Finch, G. (1941). "CHIMPANZEE HANDEDNESS." Science (New York, N.Y.) 94(2431): 117-118.

Fitch, W. T. (2000). "The evolution of speech: a comparative review." Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4(7): 258-267.

Fuster, J. M. (2002). "Frontal lobe and cognitive development." Journal of Neurocytology 31(3-5): 373-385.

Gannon, P. J., R. L. Holloway, et al. (1998). "Asymmetry of chimpanzee planum temporale: Humanlike pattern of Wernicke's brain language area homolog." Science 279(5348): 220-222.

Gardner, R. A. and B. T. Gardner (1969). "TEACHING SIGN LANGUAGE TO A CHIMPANZEE." Science 165(3894): 664-&.

Gillan, D. J. (1981). "REASONING IN THE CHIMPANZEE .2. TRANSITIVE INFERENCE." Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Behavior Processes 7(2): 150-164.

Gintis, H., S. Bowles, et al. (2003). "Explaining altruistic behavior in humans." Evolution and Human Behavior 24(3): 153-172.

Hare, B., J. Call, et al. (2000). "Chimpanzees know what conspecifics do and do not see." Animal Behaviour 59: 771-785.

Hare, B., J. Call, et al. (2001). "Do chimpanzees know what conspecifics know?" Animal Behaviour 61: 139-151.

Hayes, K. J. and C. Hayes (1952). "Imitation in a home-raised chimpanzee." Journal of comparative and physiological psychology 45(5): 450-459.

Hemelrijk, C. K. (1990). "MODELS OF, AND TESTS FOR, RECIPROCITY, UNIDIRECTIONALITY AND OTHER SOCIAL-INTERACTION PATTERNS AT A GROUP LEVEL." Animal Behaviour 39: 1013-1029.

Herrmann, E., J. Call, et al. (2007). "Humans have evolved specialized skills of social cognition: The cultural intelligence hypothesis." Science 317(5843): 1360-1366.

Heyes, C. (2001). "Causes and consequences of imitation." Trends in Cognitive Sciences 5(6): 253-261.

Heyes, C. M. (1998). "Theory of mind in nonhuman primates." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21(1): 101-+.

Horner, V. and A. Whiten (2005). "Causal knowledge and imitation/emulation switching in chimpanzees (Pan trogiodytes) and children (Homo sapiens)." Animal Cognition 8(3): 164-181.

Kaplan, H., K. Hill, et al. (2000). "A theory of human life history evolution: Diet, intelligence, and longevity." Evolutionary Anthropology 9(4): 156-185.

Kawai, N. and T. Matsuzawa (2000). "Cognition - Numerical memory span in a chimpanzee." Nature 403(6765): 39-40.

Keenan, J. P., M. A. Wheeler, et al. (2000). "Self-recognition and the right prefrontal cortex." Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4(9): 338-344.

Kuypers, H. (1958). "SOME PROJECTIONS FROM THE PERI-CENTRAL CORTEX TO THE PONS AND LOWER BRAIN STEM IN MONKEY AND CHIMPANZEE." Journal of Comparative Neurology 110(2): 221-255.

Langton, S. R. H., R. J. Watt, et al. (2000). "Do the eyes have it? Cues to the direction of social attention." Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4(2): 50-59.

Lemay, M. and N. Geschwind (1975). "HEMISPHERIC DIFFERENCES IN BRAINS OF GREAT APES." Brain Behavior and Evolution 11(1): 48-52.

Liebermam, P, D. H. Klatt, et al. (1972). "PHONETIC ABILITY AND RELATED ANATOMY OF NEWBORN AND ADULT HUMAN, NEANDERTHAL MAN, AND CHIMPANZEE." American Anthropologist 74(3): 287-&.

Marchant, L. F. and W. C. McGrew (1991). "LATERALITY OF FUNCTION IN APES - A METAANALYSIS OF METHODS." Journal of Human Evolution 21(6): 425-438.

Marchant, L. F. and W. C. McGrew (1996). "Laterality of limb function in wild chimpanzees of Gombe National Park: Comprehensive study of spontaneous activities." Journal of Human Evolution 30(5): 427-443.

Marchant, L. F., W. C. McGrew, et al. (1995). "IS HUMAN HANDEDNESS UNIVERSAL - ETHOLOGICAL ANALYSES FROM 3 TRADITIONAL CULTURES." Ethology 101(3): 239-258.

Matsuzawa, T. (1985). "COLOR NAMING AND CLASSIFICATION IN A CHIMPANZEE (PAN-TROGLODYTES)." Journal of Human Evolution 14(3): 283-291.

Matsuzawa, T. (1985). "USE OF NUMBERS BY A CHIMPANZEE." Nature 315(6014): 57-59.

Matsuzawa, T. (1994). Field experiments on use of stone tools by chimpanzees in the wild.

McGrew, W. C. and L. F. Marchant (1997). "On the other hand: Current issues in and meta-analysis of the behavioral laterality of hand function in nonhuman primates." Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, Vol 40 - 1997 40: 201-232.

McGrew, W. C. and L. F. Marchant (1999). "Laterality of hand use pays off in foraging success for wild chimpanzees." Primates 40(3): 509-513.

McGrew, W. C., C. E. G. Tutin, et al. (1979). "CHIMPANZEES, TOOLS, AND TERMITES - CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS OF SENEGAL, TANZANIA, AND RIO-MUNI." Man 14(2): 185-214.

McGrew, W. C. and L. F. Marchant (1992). "CHIMPANZEES, TOOLS, AND TERMITES - HAND PREFERENCE OR HANDEDNESS." Current Anthropology 33(1): 114-119.

Menzel, E. W. (1973). "CHIMPANZEE SPATIAL MEMORY ORGANIZATION." Science 182(4115): 943-945.

Myowa-Yamakoshi, M. and T. Matsuzawa (1999). "Factors influencing imitation of manipulatory actions in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)." Journal of Comparative Psychology 113(2): 128-136.

Mitani, J. C., T. Hasegawa, et al. (1992). "DIALECTS IN WILD CHIMPANZEES." American Journal of Primatology 27(4): 233-243.

Povinelli, D. J. and J. Vonk (2003). "Chimpanzee minds: suspiciously human?" Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7(4): 157-160.

Povinelli, D. J. and T. J. Eddy (1996). "Chimpanzees: Joint visual attention." Psychological Science 7(3): 129-135.

Povinelli, D. J., S. T. Boysen, et al. (1990). "INFERENCES ABOUT GUESSING AND KNOWING BY CHIMPANZEES (PAN-TROGLODYTES)." Journal of Comparative Psychology 104(3): 203-210.

Premack, D. (1971). "LANGUAGE IN CHIMPANZEE." Science 172(3985): 808-&.

Premack, D. and G. Woodruff (1978). "DOES THE CHIMPANZEE HAVE A THEORY OF MIND." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1(4): 515-526.

Preston, S. D. and F. B. M. de Waal (2002). "Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1): 1-+.

Riesen, A. H. (1947). "The Development of Visual Perception in Man and Chimpanzee." Science (New York, N.Y.) 106(2744): 107-108.

Savage-Rumbaugh, S., K. McDonald, et al. (1986). "SPONTANEOUS SYMBOL ACQUISITION AND COMMUNICATIVE USE BY PYGMY CHIMPANZEES (PAN-PANISCUS)." Journal of Experimental Psychology-General 115(3): 211-235.

Semendeferi, K., A. Lu, et al. (2002). "Humans and great apes share a large frontal cortex." Nature Neuroscience 5(3): 272-276.

Semendeferi, K., E. Armstrong, et al. (2001). "Prefrontal cortex in humans and apes: A comparative study of area 10." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 114(3): 224-241.

Seyfarth, R. M. and D. L. Cheney (2003). "Signalers and receivers in animal communication." Annual Review of Psychology 54: 145-173.

Soproni, K., A. Miklosi, et al. (2001). "Comprehension of human communicative signs in pet dogs (Canis familiaris)." Journal of Comparative Psychology 115(2): 122-126.

Sugiyama, Y., T. Fushimi, et al. (1993). "HAND PREFERENCE AND TOOL USE IN WILD CHIMPANZEES." Primates 34(2): 151-159.

Suarez, S. D. and G. G. Gallup (1981). "SELF-RECOGNITION IN CHIMPANZEES AND ORANGUTANS, BUT NOT GORILLAS." Journal of Human Evolution 10(2): 175-188.

Suddendorf, T. and M. C. Corballis (2007). "The evolution of foresight: What is mental time travel, and is it unique to humans?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 30(3): 299-+.

Terrace, H. S., L. A. Petitto, et al. (1979). "CAN AN APE CREATE A SENTENCE." Science 206(4421): 891-902.

Tomasello, M. and K. Haberl (2003). "Understanding attention: 12-and 18-month-olds know what is new for other persons." Developmental Psychology 39(5): 906-912.

            Tomasello, M., A. C. Kruger, et al. (1993). "CULTURAL LEARNING." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16(3): 495-511.

Tomasello, M., B. Hare, et al. (1999). "Chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, follow gaze direction geometrically." Animal Behaviour 58: 769-777.

Tomasello, M., J. Call, et al. (1998). "Five primate species follow the visual gaze of conspecifics." Animal Behaviour 55: 1063-1069.

Tomasello, M., J. Call, et al. (2003). "Chimpanzees understand psychological states - the question is which ones and to what extent." Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7(4): 153-156.

Tomasello, M., M. Carpenter, et al. (2005). "Understanding and sharing intentions: The origins of cultural cognition." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28(5): 675-+.

Tomasello, M., S. Savage-Rumbaugh, et al. (1993). "IMITATIVE LEARNING OF ACTIONS ON OBJECTS BY CHILDREN, CHIMPANZEES, AND ENCULTURATED CHIMPANZEES." Child Development 64(6): 1688-1705.

Vallortigara, G. and L. J. Rogers (2005). "Survival with an asymmetrical brain: Advantages and disadvantages of cerebral lateralization." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28(4): 575-+.

Warneken, F. and M. Tomasello (2006). "Altruistic helping in human infants and young chimpanzees." Science 311(5765): 1301-1303.

Whiten, A. (1992). "ON THE NATURE AND EVOLUTION OF IMITATION IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM - REAPPRAISAL OF A CENTURY OF RESEARCH." Advances in the Study of Behavior 21: 239-283.

Whiten, A. (1998). "Imitation of the sequential structure of actions by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)." Journal of Comparative Psychology 112(3): 270-281.

Whiten, A., D. M. Custance, et al. (1996). "Imitative learning of artificial fruit processing in children (Homo sapiens) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)." Journal of Comparative Psychology 110(1): 3-14.

Wilson, M. L., M. D. Hauser, et al. (2001). "Does participation in intergroup conflict depend on numerical assessment, range location, or rank for wild chimpanzees?" Animal Behaviour 61: 1203-1216.

Woodruff, G. and D. Premack (1979). "INTENTIONAL COMMUNICATION IN THE CHIMPANZEE - DEVELOPMENT OF DECEPTION." Cognition 7(4): 333-362.

Yenikomshian, G. H. and D. A. Benson (1976). "ANATOMICAL STUDY OF CEREBRAL ASYMMETRY IN TEMPORAL-LOBE OF HUMANS, CHIMPANZEES, AND RHESUS-MONKEYS." Science 192(4237): 387-389.

 

Culture, Tools and Tool Use

Biro, D., N. Inoue-Nakamura, et al. (2003). "Cultural innovation and transmission of tool use in wild chimpanzees: evidence from field experiments." Animal Cognition 6(4): 213-223.

Boesch, C. (1991). "TEACHING AMONG WILD CHIMPANZEES." Animal Behaviour 41: 530-532.

Boesch, C. and H. Boesch (1990). "TOOL USE AND TOOL MAKING IN WILD CHIMPANZEES." Folia Primatologica 54(1-2): 86-99.

Boesch, C. and M. Tomasello (1998). "Chimpanzee and human cultures." Current Anthropology 39(5): 591-614.

Goodall, J. (1964). "TOOL-USING + AIMED THROWING IN COMMUNITY OF FREE-LIVING CHIMPANZEES." Nature 201(492): 1264-&.

Greenfield, P. M. (1991). "LANGUAGE, TOOLS, AND BRAIN - THE ONTOGENY AND PHYLOGENY OF HIERARCHICALLY ORGANIZED SEQUENTIAL BEHAVIOR." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14(4): 531-550.

Inoue Nakamura, N. and T. Matsuzawa (1997). "Development of stone tool use by wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)." Journal of Comparative Psychology 111(2): 159-173.

Kortlandt, A. (1986). "THE USE OF STONE TOOLS BY WILD-LIVING CHIMPANZEES AND EARLIEST HOMINIDS." Journal of Human Evolution 15(2): 77-132.

Kortlandt, A. and E. Holzhaus (1987). "NEW DATA ON THE USE OF STONE TOOLS BY CHIMPANZEES IN GUINEA AND LIBERIA." Primates 28(4): 473-496.

Matsuzawa, T., D. Biro, et al. (2001). Emergence of culture in wild champanzees: Education by master-apprenticeship.

McGrew, W. C. (1974). "TOOL USE BY WILD CHIMPANZEES IN FEEDING UPON DRIVER ANTS." Journal of Human Evolution 3(6): 501-&.

McGrew, W. C. (1998). "Culture in nonhuman primates?" Annual Review of Anthropology 27: 301-328.

McGrew, W. C. and C. E. G. Tutin (1978). "EVIDENCE FOR A SOCIAL CUSTOM IN WILD CHIMPANZEES." Man 13(2): 234-251.

Mulcahy, N. J. and J. Call (2006). "Apes save tools for future use." Science 312(5776): 1038-1040.

Pruetz, J. D. and P. Bertolani (2007). "Savanna chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes verus, hunt with tools." Current Biology 17(5): 412-417.

Sanz, C. M. and D. B. Morgan (2007). "Chimpanzee tool technology in the Goualougo Triangle, republic of Congo." Journal of Human Evolution 52(4): 420-433.

Sanz, C., D. Morgan, et al. (2004). "New insights into chimpanzees, tools, and termites from the Congo basin." American Naturalist 164(5): 567-581.

Sugiyama, Y. and J. Koman (1979). "TOOL USING AND TOOL MAKING BEHAVIOR IN WILD CHIMPANZEES AT BASSOU GUINEA." Primates 20(4): 513-524.

Suzuki, S., S. Kuroda, et al. (1995). "TOOL-SET FOR TERMITE-FISHING BY CHIMPANZEES IN THE NDOKI FOREST, CONGO." Behaviour 132: 219-235.

Tomasello, M. (1990). Cultural transmission in the tool use and communicatory signaling of chimpanzees?

Tomasello, M., A. C. Kruger, et al. (1993). "CULTURAL LEARNING." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16(3): 495-511.

van Schaik, C. P., R. O. Deaner, et al. (1999). "The conditions for tool use in primates: implications for the evolution of material culture." Journal of Human Evolution 36(6): 719-741.

Whiten, A., J. Goodall, et al. (1999). "Cultures in chimpanzees." Nature 399(6737): 682-685.

Whiten, A., J. Goodall, et al. (2001). "Charting cultural variation in chimpanzees." Behaviour 138: 1481-1516.

Whiten, A., V. Horner, et al. (2005). "Conformity to cultural norms of tool use in chimpanzees." Nature 437(7059): 737-740.

 

Diet, Distribution, Feeding, Foraging, Ecology, Habitat, Hunting and Nesting

Andrews, P. (1992). "EVOLUTION AND ENVIRONMENT IN THE HOMINOIDEA." Nature 360(6405): 641-646.

Boesch, C. (1994). "COOPERATIVE HUNTING IN WILD CHIMPANZEES." Animal Behaviour 48(3): 653-667.

Boesch, C.  (1994).  Hunting strategies of Gombe and Taï chimpanzees.  In:  Chimpanzee Cultures, R.W. Wrangham, W.C. McGrew, F.B.M. deWaal, and P.G. Heltne (eds.)  Harvard University Press: Cambridge, pp. 77–92.

Boesch, C. and H. Boesch (1983). "OPTIMIZATION OF NUT-CRACKING WITH NATURAL HAMMERS BY WILD CHIMPANZEES." Behaviour 83: 265-286.

Boesch, C. (1991). "THE EFFECTS OF LEOPARD PREDATION ON GROUPING PATTERNS IN FOREST CHIMPANZEES." Behaviour 117(3-4): 220-242.

Boesch, C. and H. Boesch (1989). "HUNTING BEHAVIOR OF WILD CHIMPANZEES IN THE TAI-NATIONAL-PARK." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 78(4): 547-573.

Conklin-Brittain, N. L., R. W. Wrangham, et al. (1998). "Dietary response of chimpanzees and cercopithecines to seasonal variation in fruit abundance. II. Macronutrients." International Journal of Primatology 19(6): 971-998.

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Furuichi, T., C. Hashimoto, et al. (2001). "Fruit availability and habitat use by chimpanzees in the Kalinzu Forest, Uganda: Examination of fallback foods." International Journal of Primatology 22(6): 929-945.

Gordon, K. D. (1982). "A STUDY OF MICROWEAR ON CHIMPANZEE MOLARS - IMPLICATIONS FOR DENTAL MICROWEAR ANALYSIS." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 59(2): 195-215.

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Itani, J. (1990). Safari surveys of the vegetation and the chimpanzee groups in the northern half of the Mahale Mountains.

Kano, T. (1972). Distribution and adaptation of the chimpanzee on the eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika. Kyoto Univ Afr Stud 7: 37-129.

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Kortlandt, A. (1996). "A survey of the geographical range, habitats and conservation of the pygmy chimpanzee (Pan paniscus): an ecological perspective." Primate Conservation 16: 21-36.

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McGrew, W. C., P. J. Baldwin, et al. (1981). Chimpanzees in a hot, dry and open habitat: Mt. Assirik, Senegal, West Africa. Journal of Human Evolution 10(3): 227-&.

McGrew, W. C., P. J. Baldwin, et al. (1988).  Diet of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) at Mt. Assirik, Senegal.  1:  Composition.  American Journal of Primatology 16(3): 213-226.

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Newton-Fisher, N. E. (1999). "Termite eating and food sharing by male chimpanzees in the Budongo Forest, Uganda." African Journal of Ecology 37(3): 369-371.

Nishida, T. (1973). "ANT-GATHERING BEHAVIOUR BY USE OF TOOLS AMONG WILD CHIMPANZEES OF MAHALI MOUNTAINS." Journal of Human Evolution 2(5): 357-&.

Nishida, T. and M. Hiraiwa (1982). "NATURAL-HISTORY OF A TOOL-USING BEHAVIOR BY WILD CHIMPANZEES IN FEEDING UPON WOOD-BORING ANTS." Journal of Human Evolution 11(1): 73-99.

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Stanford, C. B., J. Wallis, et al. (1994). "PATTERNS OF PREDATION BY CHIMPANZEES ON RED COLOBUS MONKEYS IN GOMBE-NATIONAL-PARK, 1982-1991." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 94(2): 213-228.

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Wrangham, R. W. (1977). Feeding behaviour of chimpanzees in Gombe National Park, Tanzania.

Wrangham, R. W., C. A. Chapman, et al. (1994). "SEED DISPERSAL BY FOREST CHIMPANZEES IN UGANDA." Journal of Tropical Ecology 10: 355-368.

Wrangham, R. W., N. L. Conklin-Brittain, et al. (1998). "Dietary response of chimpanzees and cercopithecines to seasonal variation in fruit abundance. I. Antifeedants." International Journal of Primatology 19(6): 949-970.

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Disease, Endocrinology, Immune Function

Altizer, S., A. Dobson, et al. (2006). "Seasonality and the dynamics of infectious diseases." Ecology Letters 9(4): 467-484.

de Villiers, E. M., C. Fauquet, et al. (2004). "Classification of papillomaviruses." Virology 324(1): 17-27.

Farina, S. F., G. P. Gao, et al. (2001). "Replication-defective vector based on a chimpanzee adenovirus." Journal of Virology 75(23): 11603-11613.

Hajdu, R., R. Thompson, et al. (1997). "Preliminary animal pharmacokinetics of the parenteral antifungal agent MK-0991 (L-743,872)." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 41(11): 2339-2344.

Keele, B. F., F. Van Heuverswyn, et al. (2006). "Chimpanzee reservoirs of pandemic and nonpandemic HIV-1." Science 313(5786): 523-526.

Leroy, E. M., P. Rouquet, et al. (2004). "Multiple Ebola virus transmission events and rapid decline of central African wildlife." Science 303(5656): 387-390.

Liu, W., M. Worobey, et al. (2008). "Molecular ecology and natural history of simian foamy virus infection in wild-living chimpanzees." Plos Pathogens 4(7).

Lohmann, V., F. Korner, et al. (1999). "Replication of subgenomic hepatitis C virus RNAs in a hepatoma cell line." Science 285(5424): 110-113.

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Santiago, M. L., C. M. Rodenburg, et al. (2002). "SIVcpz in wild chimpanzees." Science 295(5554): 465-465.

Wakita, T., T. Pietschmann, et al. (2005). "Production of infectious hepatitis C virus in tissue culture from a cloned viral genome." Nature Medicine 11(7): 791-796.

Walsh, P. D., K. A. Abernethy, et al. (2003). "Catastrophic ape decline in western equatorial Africa." Nature 422(6932): 611-614.

Will, H., R. Cattaneo, et al. (1982). "CLONED HBV DNA CAUSES HEPATITIS IN CHIMPANZEES." Nature 299(5885): 740-742.

 

Evolutionary Theory, Life History, Sex Differences, Sexual Selection, Fossils

Boesch, Christophe. 2009. The Real Chimpanzee : Sex Strategies in the Forest. New York : Cambridge University Press.

Dominy, N. J. and P. W. Lucas (2001). "Ecological importance of trichromatic vision to primates." Nature 410(6826): 363-366.

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McGrew, W. C. (2010). In search of the last common ancestor: new findings on wild chimpanzees. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 365(1556): 3267-3276.

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Nishida, T., N. Corp, et al. (2003). "Demography, female life history, and reproductive profiles among the chimpanzees of Mahale." American Journal of Primatology 59(3): 99-121.

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Plavcan, J. M. and C. P. Vanschaik (1992). "INTRASEXUAL COMPETITION AND CANINE DIMORPHISM IN ANTHROPOID PRIMATES." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 87(4): 461-477.

Sept, J. M. (1992).  Was there no place like home?  A  new perspective on early hominid archaeological sites from the mapping of chimpanzee nests.  Current Anthropology 33(2): 187-207.

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Smith, P. K. (1982). "DOES PLAY MATTER - FUNCTIONAL AND EVOLUTIONARY ASPECTS OF ANIMAL AND HUMAN PLAY." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 5(1): 139-155.

Smolker, R. A., A. F. Richards, et al. (1992). "SEX-DIFFERENCES IN PATTERNS OF ASSOCIATION AMONG INDIAN-OCEAN BOTTLE-NOSED DOLPHINS." Behaviour 123: 38-69.

Wrangham, R. W., J. H. Jones, et al. (1999). "The raw and the stolen - Cooking and the ecology of human origins." Current Anthropology 40(5): 567-594.

Wrangham, R. W. and B. B. Smuts (1980). "Sex differences in the behavioural ecology of chimpanzees in the Gombe National Park, Tanzania." Journal of reproduction and fertility. Supplement Suppl 28: 13-31.

Wrangham, R. W. (1999). "Evolution of coalitionary killing." Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 1999, Vol 42 42: 1-30.

 

Genetics, Genomics and Molecular Biology

Bond, J., E. Roberts, et al. (2005). "A centrosomal mechanism involving CDK5RAP2 and CENPJ controls brain size." Nature Genetics 37(4): 353-355.

Britten, R. J. (2002). "Divergence between samples of chimpanzee and human DNA sequences is 5%, counting indels." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99(21): 13633-13635.

Chen, K. and N. Rajewsky (2006). "Natural selection on human microRNA binding sites inferred from SNP data." Nature Genetics 38(12): 1452-1456.

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Conrad, D. F., M. Jakobsson, et al. (2006). "A worldwide survey of haplotype variation and linkage disequilibrium in the human genome." Nature Genetics 38(11): 1251-1260.

Constable, J. L., M. V. Ashley, et al. (2001). "Noninvasive paternity assignment in Gombe chimpanzees." Molecular Ecology 10(5): 1279-1300.

Dorus, S., E. J. Vallender, et al. (2004). "Accelerated evolution of nervous system genes in the origin of Homo sapiens." Cell 119(7): 1027-1040.

Ebersberger, I., D. Metzler, et al. (2002). "Genomewide comparison of DNA sequences between humans and chimpanzees." American Journal of Human Genetics 70(6): 1490-1497.

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Gilad, Y., O. Man, et al. (2003). "Human specific loss of olfactory receptor genes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100(6): 3324-3327.

Glazko, G. V. and M. Nei (2003). "Estimation of divergence times for major lineages of primate species." Molecular Biology and Evolution 20(3): 424-434.

Gonzalez, E., H. Kulkarni, et al. (2005). "The influence of CCL3L1 gene-containing segmental duplications on HIV-1/AIDS susceptibility." Science 307(5714): 1434-1440.

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Harpending, H. and A. Rogers (2000). "Genetic perspectives on human origins and differentiation." Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics 1: 361-385.

Mikkelsen, T. S., L. W. Hillier, et al. (2005). "Initial sequence of the chimpanzee genome and comparison with the human genome." Nature 437(7055): 69-87.

Morin, P. A., J. Wallis, et al. (1994). "PATERNITY EXCLUSION IN A COMMUNITY OF WILD CHIMPANZEES USING HYPERVARIABLE SIMPLE SEQUENCE REPEATS." Molecular Ecology 3(5): 469-477.

Olson, M. V. and A. Varki (2003). "Sequencing the chimpanzee genome: Insights into human evolution and disease." Nature Reviews Genetics 4(1): 20-28.

Patterson, N., D. J. Richter, et al. (2006). "Genetic evidence for complex speciation of humans and chimpanzees." Nature 441(7097): 1103-1108.

Penny, D., L. R. Foulds, et al. (1982). "TESTING THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION BY COMPARING PHYLOGENETIC TREES CONSTRUCTED FROM 5 DIFFERENT PROTEIN SEQUENCES." Nature 297(5863): 197-200.

Pilbeam, D. (1996). "Genetic and morphological records of the hominoidea and hominid origins: A synthesis." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 5(1): 155-168.

Ruvolo, M. (1997). "Molecular phylogeny of the hominoids: Inferences from multiple independent DNA sequence data sets." Molecular Biology and Evolution 14(3): 248-265.

Stephens, J. C., J. A. Schneider, et al. (2001). "Haplotype variation and linkage disequilibrium in 313 human genes." Science 293(5529): 489-493.

Tamura, K. and M. Nei (1993). "ESTIMATION OF THE NUMBER OF NUCLEOTIDE SUBSTITUTIONS IN THE CONTROL REGION OF MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA IN HUMANS AND CHIMPANZEES." Molecular Biology and Evolution 10(3): 512-526.

Wilson, A. C. and V. M. Sarich (1969). "A MOLECULAR TIME SCALE FOR HUMAN EVOLUTION." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 63(4): 1088-&.

Wyckoff, G. J., W. Wang, et al. (2000). "Rapid evolution of male reproductive genes in the descent of man." Nature 403(6767): 304-309.

Wildman, D. E., M. Uddin, et al. (2003). "Implications of natural selection in shaping 99.4% nonsynonymous DNA identity between humans and chimpanzees: Enlarging genus Homo." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100(12): 7181-7188.

Winckler, W., S. R. Myers, et al. (2005). "Comparison of fine-scale recombination rates in humans and chimpanzees." Science 308(5718): 107-111.

 

Social Behavior, Social System, Aggression, Bonding, Mating Systems, Parenting

Buchan, J. C., S. C. Alberts, et al. (2003). "True paternal care in a multi-male primate society." Nature 425(6954): 179-181.

Bygott, J.D.  1979.  Agonistic Behavior, dominance and social structure in wild chimpanzees of the Gombe National Park.  In: D A Hamburg and E R McCown, (eds): The Great Apes. Menlo Park: Benjamin/Cummings, pp. 404-427.

Chapman, C. A., R. W. Wrangham, et al. (1995). "ECOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS ON GROUP-SIZE - AN ANALYSIS OF SPIDER MONKEY AND CHIMPANZEE SUBGROUPS." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 36(1): 59-70.

de Waal, F. B. M. (1986). "THE INTEGRATION OF DOMINANCE AND SOCIAL BONDING IN PRIMATES." Quarterly Review of Biology 61(4): 459-479.

de Waal, F. B. M. (1989). "FOOD SHARING AND RECIPROCAL OBLIGATIONS AMONG CHIMPANZEES." Journal of Human Evolution 18(5): 433-459.

de Waal, F. B. M. (1997). "The chimpanzee's service economy: Food for grooming." Evolution and Human Behavior 18(6): 375-386.

de Waal, F. B. M. (2000). "Primates - A natural heritage of conflict resolution." Science 289(5479): 586-590.

de Waal, F. B. M. (2008). Putting the altruism back into altruism: The evolution of empathy. Annual Review of Psychology. 59: 279-300.

de Waal, F. B. M. and A. Vanroosmalen (1979). "RECONCILIATION AND CONSOLATION AMONG CHIMPANZEES." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 5(1): 55-66.

de Waal, F. B. M. and L. M. Luttrell (1988). "MECHANISMS OF SOCIAL RECIPROCITY IN 3 PRIMATE SPECIES - SYMMETRICAL RELATIONSHIP CHARACTERISTICS OR COGNITION." Ethology and Sociobiology 9(2-4): 101-118.

de Waal, F. B. M. and M. L. Berger (2000). "Payment for labour in monkeys." Nature 404(6778): 563-563.

Galef, B. G. and L. A. Giraldeau (2001). "Social influences on foraging in vertebrates: causal mechanisms and adaptive functions." Animal Behaviour 61: 3-15.

Goodall, J.  1965.  Chimpanzees of the Gombe Stream Reserve.  In: I DeVore (ed): Primate Behavior.  New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, pp. 425-473.

Goodall, J. (1963). "My life among wild chimpanzees." National Geographic Magazine 124: 272-308.

Goodall, J. (1968). "The behaviour of free-living chimpanzees in the Gombe Stream Reserve." Animal Behaviour Monographs 1((3)): 161-311.

Goodall, J. (1977). "INFANT KILLING AND CANNIBALISM IN FREE-LIVING CHIMPANZEES." Folia Primatologica 28(4): 259-282.

Goodall, J. (1983). "POPULATION-DYNAMICS DURING A 15 YEAR PERIOD IN ONE COMMUNITY OF FREE-LIVING CHIMPANZEES IN THE GOMBE-NATIONAL-PARK, TANZANIA." Zeitschrift Fur Tierpsychologie-Journal of Comparative Ethology 61(1): 1-60.

Gosling, S. D. and O. P. John (1999). "Personality dimensions in nonhuman animals: A cross-species review." Current Directions in Psychological Science 8(3): 69-75.

Hare, B. and M. Tomasello (2005). "Human-like social skills in dogs?" Trends in Cognitive Sciences 9(9): 439-444.

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Hashimoto, C., T. Furuichi, et al. (2001). "What factors affect the size of chimpanzee parties in the Kalinzu Forest, Uganda? Examination of fruit abundance and number of estrous females." International Journal of Primatology 22(6): 947-959.

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Hunt, K. D. and W. C. McGrew (2002). Chimpanzees in the dry habitats of Assirik, Senegal and Semliki Wildlife Reserve, Uganda.

Itani, J. and A. Suzuki (1967). "The social unit of chimpanzees." Primates 8: 355-381.

Izawa, K. (1970).  Unit groups of chimpanzees and their nomadism in the savanna woodland. Primates 11(1): 1-46.

Kortlandt, A. (1962). "CHIMPANZEES IN WILD - ALTHOUGH THESE INTELLIGENT APES ARE FAMILIAR IN LABORATORY AND ZOO, THEY HAVE SELDOM BEEN OBSERVED IN THEIR NATIVE ENVIRONMENT - NEW STUDY HAS REVEALED SOME UNEXPECTED FEATURES OF THEIR BEHAVIOR." Scientific American 206(5): 128-&.

Kuroda, S. (1980). "SOCIAL BEHAVIOR OF THE PYGMY CHIMPANZEES PAN-PANISCUS." Primates 21(2): 181-197.

Kuroda, S., T. Nishihara, et al. (1996). Sympatric chimpanzees and gorillas in the Ndoki Forest, Congo.

Manson, J. H. and R. W. Wrangham (1991). "INTERGROUP AGGRESSION IN CHIMPANZEES AND HUMANS." Current Anthropology 32(4): 369-390.

McGrew, W.C.  1979.  Evolutionary implications of sex differences in chimpanzee predation and tool use. In: The Great Apes, Perspectives on Human Evolution, ed. D.A. Hamburg and E.R. McCown. Menlo Park: Benjamin/Cummings.

Mitani, J. C. and T. Nishida (1993). "CONTEXTS AND SOCIAL CORRELATES OF LONG-DISTANCE CALLING BY MALE CHIMPANZEES." Animal Behaviour 45(4): 735-746.

Mitani, J. C., D. A. Merriwether, et al. (2000). "Male affiliation, cooperation and kinship in wild chimpanzees." Animal Behaviour 59: 885-893.

Mitani, J. C., D. P. Watts, et al. (2002). "Recent developments in the study of wild chimpanzee behavior." Evolutionary Anthropology 11(1): 9-25.

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Newton-Fisher, N. E. (1999). "Infant killers of Budongo." Folia Primatologica 70(3): 167-169.

Nishida, T. (1968). "The social group of wild chimpanzees in the Mahali mountains." Primates 9: 167-224.

Nishida, T. (1983). "ALPHA STATUS AND AGONISTIC ALLIANCE IN WILD CHIMPANZEES PAN-TROGLODYTES-SCHWEINFURTHII." Primates 24(3): 318-336.

Nishida, T. and M. Hiraiwa-Hasegawa (1987). Chimpanzees and bonobos: cooperative relationships among males.

Nishida, T., M. Hiraiwahasegawa, et al. (1985). "GROUP EXTINCTION AND FEMALE TRANSFER IN WILD CHIMPANZEES IN THE MAHALE NATIONAL-PARK, TANZANIA." Zeitschrift Fur Tierpsychologie-Journal of Comparative Ethology 67(1-4): 284-301.

Nishida, T., T. Kano, et al. (1999). "Ethogram and ethnography of Mahale chimpanzees." Anthropological Science 107(2): 141-188.

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Pusey, A. E. (1990). "BEHAVIORAL-CHANGES AT ADOLESCENCE IN CHIMPANZEES." Behaviour 115: 203-246.

Pusey, A., J. Williams, et al. (1997). "The influence of dominance rank on the reproductive success of female chimpanzees." Science 277(5327): 828-831.

Reynolds, V. (1992). "CHIMPANZEES IN THE BUDONGO FOREST, 1962-1992." Journal of Zoology 228: 695-699.

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Riss, D.C., and Busse, C.D. 1977. Fifty-day observation of a free-ranging adult male chimpanzee. Folia primatol. 28:283-97.

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